The Movement Of Positive Psychology - 1151 Words

The movement of positive psychology is a reminder that our field and study has been focusing on things like anxiety, disease, weakness, and damage. This movement urged us to shift our focus to include the study of strength and virtue as well. Positive psychology is stating that the field of psychology is more than just the study of illness or health but rather it is also about â€Å"work, education, insight, love, growth, and play† (Seligman, 2002). Positive psychology is the study of strengths that enable individuals and communities to thrive and it is founded on the belief that people want to lead meaningful and fulfilling lives. Pain, suffering, and death can be integrated into positive psychology through the idea of what gives us meaning in life. As human beings we are always looking for meanings in our life and how we should live. We want to cultivate what is best within ourselves. As suggested in the readings on death and dying, the authors stated that when people become aware of their mortality, they become freer and even more compassionate (Martin, Campbell, Henery). This is because when we realize that there is no escaping death, we no longer live life by societal norms and rules but rather live life by our own rules. We learn to embrace life differently by focusing on the positive aspect of our life knowing that death is waiting. From a positive psychology perspective, we are shifting our focus from the negative aspects of our life to the mores positive aspectsShow MoreRelatedPsychology : The Positive Psychology Movement1269 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most recent branches of psychology to emerg e is the positive psychology movement. Based on the text, positive psychology is one of the most important aspects in determining how to enhance the personality by helping individuals recognize their human potential to learn and achieve. In this assignment one will compare the view points of Maslow, Rogers, and the positive psychology movement concerning individual personality. Recent studies have shown that personality theory and assessmentRead MoreWhat Is Positive Psychology?765 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Positive Psychology? At a casual glance, positive psychology looks like the study of happiness. It is more than that. Positive psychology attempts to explain what happiness is. It is a school of psychology that aims to help achieve a positive life, not just focusing on mental illness. It is concerned with the self and group positive emotion, action and interaction. A main focus is to help people with their strengths. If they can focus on their strengths and not just their weaknessesRead MorePsychology : Positive And Negative Psychology1645 Words   |  7 PagesPositive psychology, is a new field of psychology that draw heavily on humanist influences. This area of psychology places its focus on understanding how to enhance our lives by studying what produces our happiness through the use of scientific methods to understand how this affects us leading healthy, happy and successful lives. Through the belief that society would like to lead meaningful and rewarding lives the goal of positive psychology is to, in addition the other fields of psychology, accompanyRead MorePositive Psychology At Gable And Haidt1098 Words   |  5 PagesPositive psychology according to Gable and Haidt (2005) can be defined as â€Å"the study of the conditions and processes that contribute to the flourishing of people, groups and institutions† (p. 103). Similarly, it can be described as the study of human strength and virtue to understand positive and emotionally fulfilling behaviour (Sheldon King, 2001). There are three dimensions or levels of positive psychology which are based on aspects of our life experiences. Our positive subjective experiencesRead MoreCarol Rogers Influence in Psychology1264 Words   |  6 PagesInfluence on Modern Psychology Introduction Carl Rogers is considered the founder of client-centered therapy, which asserts that childhood experiences affect an individual’s feelings, thoughts, and behavior (Rathus, 2004). The therapist must see the world from that of the client to be effective in treatment. Rogers has influenced many psychological theories and therapies present today, especially positive psychology. Despite this fact, many who practice positive psychology do not, or are notRead MoreEssay about Mental Rehearsal Key to Improving Athlete Performance1706 Words   |  7 Pagestaking an athlete or team to the next level; imagery is equally, if not more important.† (Mallett). Many people believe that although the sport is played with the body, it is won by the mind. Not surprisingly sport performers increasingly turn to psychology in an effort to gain a winning edge over their rivals. In this sense, mental imagery, or the ability to represent the minds information that is not currently being percei ved, is widely used by athletes to enhance their performance in competitionRead MoreOrganizational Behavior1318 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual characteristic and abilities. 2. Social capital, which is productive potential resulting from strong relationships, goodwill, trust, and cooperative effort that involves social relationships. 3. Positive organizational behavior (POB) derived from positive psychology movement. When building Human Capital, five measurable outcomes of programs are identified: 1. Leadership/managerial practices: This is the ability of the leader or manager to optimize the human capital of the organizationRead MoreHow Organizations And Communities Influence Social Change And Affect People s Behaviour?1223 Words   |  5 Pagesmanagement; the characteristics of organisations; formed of groups of people with shared purposes in a community. Demonstrating how, by utilising psychology to show how organisations can affect individuals conduct via the impact of taking on roles in an organisation through ’Social identity theory’. Utilising Social science to inspect how social movements include both organisations and communities to realise social change. Management is a key process in the advancement of an organisation, to comprehendRead MoreHumanistic Psychology Essay examples1165 Words   |  5 Pagesperson has been increasingly popular from the mid-20th century. In the early 1960s, a movement named third-force psychology started as a reaction to the defect of behaviorism and psychoanalysis to deal fully with the human condition (Hergenhahn, 2008). This third-force movement is humanistic psychology, which refers to the combination of the philosophy of romanticism and existentialism. Humanistic psychology instead paid more attention to each individuals potentials and highlighted the importanceRead MoreHumanistic Psychology Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pagescontributions to psychology, it has influenced the understanding and practices of the humanistic movement, specifically with the therapies for the different mental disorders. Psychoanalysis understands the unconscious behavior, behaviorism focuses on the conditioning process th at produces behavior. Humanistic psychology focuses on the persons potential to act as a whole person in a nurturing environment by choice with receiving a positive way of life. The Humanistic Movement and Person Centered

The Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe - 986 Words

â€Å"I smiled, for what had I to fear? I bade the gentlemen welcome. The shriek, I said, was my own in a dream.† The Tell Tale Heart is one of Edger Allan Poe’s most famous and creepiest stories. The premise of this gothic short story is that a man’s own insanity gives him away as a murderer. By using the narrators own thoughts as the story Poe displays the mental instability and the unique way of creating a gothic fiction. While other stories written by Poe reflect this same gothic structure and questionable sanity, this story has a unique way of making the reader walk away from the story with an uncomfortable feeling. The mental struggles the narrator faces might as well reflect the depression and other psychological issues Edgar Allan Poe was confronted with in his own life. To begin, by using the perspective of third person Poe creates an insight into the brain of a murderer and quite possibly the mind of a psychopath. There are many arguments to be mad e that the main character is mentally ill. The first of these being his reasoning behind killing the old man. â€Å"†¦I found the eye always closed; and so it was impossible to do the work; for it was not the old man who vexed me, but his Evil Eye.† It can be interpreted that the narrator killed this old man because of the hate of the way one of his eyes looked. While many of us can relate to the uncomfortable feeling an odd looking facial feature or limb can make us feel, the idea of killing because of this abnormalShow MoreRelatedThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe1161 Words   |  5 PagesOut of a vast quantity of these English historians, one stood out to me, his name is Edgar Allan Poe. Poe’s writing had its own unique gothic and horror style. The story, The Tell-Tale Heart is one of his very popular pieces of literature, it not only tells a story, but uses Poe’s unique style of writing to silently incorporate different genres, themes, and sym bolism to create a sub-story within the text itself. Poe was born in Boston Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. At the young age of just 2 yearsRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe1569 Words   |  7 PagesIn the short story â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† author Edgar Allan Poe employs several literary devices such as symbolism, allegory, and imagery. These devices enable us to see and better comprehend the story’s events through the eyes of the narrator. The narrator explains that he is extremely nervous but clarifies that he is not insane; he even goes so far as to share an event from his past to prove that he is not crazy. He believes that he loves the old man and has nothing against him except his horribleRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe Essay1477 Words   |  6 Pagesyourself and others that you weren’t in the wrong for doing something bad? Well, the narrator in the story The Tell-Tale Heart does. Edgar Allan Poe is known to write stories that are of Dark Romanticism. Dark romanticism is a literary genre that showcases gothic stories that portray torture, insanity, murder, and revenge. The story â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† is no different. Edgar Allan Poe does a great job with making the readers wonder throughout this short story. This allegory makes reader’s questionsRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe author Edgar Allan Poe created a beautiful writing piece called â€Å"Tell Tale Heart†, which included literal elements such as mood, tone, and point of view. The story included a tremulous mood for the reader to be able to feel the excitement of the story. According to the text â€Å"Tell Tale Heart†, it states â€Å"And now at the dead hour of the night, amid the dreadful silence of that old house, so strange a noise as this excited me to uncontrollable terror.† This illustrates that the details of the storyRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe1133 Words   |  5 Pages Written in 1843, The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe incorporates nearly all of the gothic elements. While this piece of art may not contain all of the gothic elements, it is the epitome of a gothic short story. In The Tell-Tale Heart, the setting seems to be inside an old house, which strengthens the atmosphere of mystery and suspense. The madness and overall insanity of the narrator illustrates the sense of high, overwrought emotion. The presence of creaking hinges and the darkness representRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe1644 Words   |  7 Pages Edgar Allan Poe was a prominent American writer whose writing reflected his tragic life. He began to sell short stories for profit after being forced to leave United States Military Academy for lack of financial support. Over the next decade, Poe published some of his best-known works, including The Fall of the House of Usher (1839), The Raven (1845), and The Cask of Amontillado (1846). It is in these stories that Po e established his unique dark writing style that often have the recurring themeRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe1030 Words   |  5 PagesA Guilty- Mad Heart â€Å"Burduck then goes on to ponder how Poe used cultural anxieties and psychological panic to advantage.† (Grim Phantasms, G.A. Cevasco). In The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe, a nameless man narrates the story of how he murdered an elderly man because of his eyes. In his short story The Tell-Tale Heart, Poe shows the themes of guilt and the descent into madness through the narrator, in this gothic horror story. Edgar Allan Poe wrote many gothic tales throughout his lifeRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe879 Words   |  4 PagesIn between guilt, paranoia and obsession The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe uses several literary elements to support the themes of the story. The story is based on a gruesome murder of an old man. The author uses madness, obsession and guilt as themes to prove how the narrator is truly twisted and insane. Madness is the first theme of the story; in the beginning the narrator tries to convince the audience he is not mad (insane). â€Å"TRUE!... nervous very, very nervous I had been and am; but whyRead MoreA Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe1156 Words   |  5 Pagescontain some level of madness. For example in the short stories â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† by Edgar Allan Poe, both of the main character in these stories believe that they are perfectly wise, but their out of control behaviors proves that they’re mentally ill or to be more specific insane. In the short story â€Å"A tell-tale heart† the unknown narrator is telling us a story about his neighbor who is an old man but his of a vulture: blue pale eye is whatRead MoreThe Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe1136 Words   |  5 Pagesmotivated by the hatred of the eye in this story. The story gives characteristics that fit the profile of a murderer such as the opening sentence, â€Å"TRUE! - Nervous - very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I am mad?† (POE). The narrator believes he is not mad, and thinks that this nervousness is simply caused by being hypersensitive proving his sanity. I felt as though throughout the story, the narrator is trying to convince the reader that he is perfectly sane and not

Translation of Narendranath Mitra’s Short Story Free Essays

HEROINE Director Animesh Chaudhury came to Chitpur to sign a contract with Malati Mallik. He got an excellent opportunity to make his own film. Earlier Animesh was an assistant director. We will write a custom essay sample on Translation of Narendranath Mitra’s Short Story or any similar topic only for you Order Now The producer, Boikuntha Poddar was a miser person. He gave only eighty-five thousands and demanded for a good movie. It was a challenge for Animesh. He had to face this, as he was a new filmmaker. However, he knew that he has to spend near of about one lakh. He needed to work hard to keep ahead. He did almost all the works by his own presence. From the initial stage he ran here and there, he gave hard time in almost every part of the work. Malati was not so famous in acting, yet she had to play a minor character. The role was short that was the reason she was given that role. She had to play the role of a wife of a worthless husband, a mother of a hungry boy etc. But, Animesh did not get Malati, even after the evening at her home. The servant Khantamoni said, â€Å"She has gone outside with Babu*. Should I say something to her? † Animesh gave a name card to her with pale face. That whole evening was spoilt. Vinoy Chakroborty, lived at Joy Mitra Street, was an old friend of Animesh. Animesh used to visit his house frequently. His wife Labonno, offered him tea, coffee, including other delicious food. Animesh also gave them tickets of some new movies. He did not go there for a long time, as he was quite busy with his new direction and after returning from Malati’s house, he decided to go there to make himself free from these burdens for the moment. At least he would enjoy their company. He entered in a narrow gali*, where Vinoy lived in an old broken house. He was poor; he did not get any good job though he bore a good qualification. Animesh enjoyed their company, as they were very simple. He could feel a simple generous affection from them, which he did not get from that miserable city. Some loud arguments were going on inside the house. It was stopped by the sounds of knock at the door. Vinoy came, â€Å"Who is it? † Animesh called him by his name then Vinoy could recognize him. He opened the door and asked him to come in. But Animesh did not get that warm welcome which he usually got. He entered in the room. After entering into the room, he found nothing organized. Everything was misplaced. The shirt was tasting the dust on the floor, some paddy corn made the floor golden, the broken mirror on the floor was reflecting lights here and there etc. Labonno was silent and sad. Animesh got everything from the situation. A few minutes back the tornedo of anger came and ruined the decoration of the room. Vinod gave a stool to sit. Animesh said, â€Å"I think I have disturbed you. It was in climax, I can guess all these from the unorganized situation of the room. Vinoy offered cigarette, both of them lit the cigarette. â€Å"I am fed up with my life. I was not aware of such problematic situations of family life. Feature Article –  The Plane of the Sleeping Beauty Analysis Which couple does not have sons or daughter? Whose son or daughter dose not suffers from disease? A father always does his best. I also did, but I have limitation,†- Vinoy said with a sad voice. Labonno was silent but listening to the words she shouted, â€Å"My son would have died due to typhoid. None thought that he will be alive. † She pulled that little boy before Animesh and said in sad tone, â€Å"Look at my little son. Does he look like a normal boy? He can not walk properly, even he does not get proper energy in his left leg. I went to doctor, he advised to fed him well. If he is feed well he will be recovered soon. That is why I asked him to bring Oval tine. But I did not know that a father can behave like this with an unfortunate son’s mother. † At the meantime, the boy started crying. Perhaps he felt pain in his leg. Labonno took him in her lap and said, â€Å"My sona* †¦ Do not cry†¦ Your uncle will condemn you. Do you know your uncle is a good photographer. He will take your photos. Animesh, you have to take a good photo of my Bintu. Labonno smiled. That unexpected smile attracted Animesh. She was fair, tall and possessed a sharp nose. She bore a different kind of sweetness in her face. She was nearly twenty-four. Moreover, her body was much more attractive than her face. Poverty could not loot her attractive beauty. Animesh was gazing at her and by observing this Labonno lowered her face and asked, â€Å"You have totally forgotten us. Why not, after all you have become a busy director. † â€Å"Nothing like that baudi*†-He answered with a smile. â€Å"It is not fare Vinoy. You should take care of Bintu. Why did not you bring Oval tine for him? †-He asked Vinoy. â€Å"Why did not you bring! It was not only Oval tine but the other commodities also. You know, it is the last week of this month. I get only seventy rupees per month. I am not careless father but I can not. †- Vinoy answered with tempted voice. Few seconds everything was silence but suddenly Vinoy strangely laughed and said, â€Å"If she wish more to take care of her son, she could have got son from a rich man, not from a clerk. † â€Å"Listen to his vulgar words†-Labonno said. Animesh snubbed at him, â€Å"Do not speak rubbish! Where did you learn such vulgar words? †Vinoy remained silent. Animesh was looking at him with compassion. He was not more than thirty but he was looking like a man of forty. Have you managed any part time job? †-Animesh curiously asked. The answer came in negative. Labonno took out two cups, sugar and tealeaves from the selves and went out through the back door. The little boy hobbled towards the mother. Vinoy calmly said, â€Å"You have become director now, if you can give me any short role. † Animesh laughed at him and said, â€Å"You want a role! You can not even speak properly before any unknown person and you want to act. Then I have to give you the role of a dead soldier. † Animesh looked at him after his mockery and said, â€Å"How will you slay the slain? A dead is always dead in real life and reel life. † Labonno entered with a cup of tea and said, â€Å"Now I think he is quarreling with you. He has become so grumbled in these days that he can not think anything but quarreling. † Taking the cup from Labonno, Animesh answered, â€Å"Actually he wants to act on screen. He would not be able to perform so but if you try, you can. I am sure about it. Do you wish baudi? † Labonno laughed and said, â€Å"Is it so? Then definitely I wish, after all you are the doirector. † â€Å"I am not joking. I am serious Vinoy. If you agree then I can give a short role to her. -Animesh. Animesh explained everything regarding the need of that character. Vinoy was laughing. What was wrong with that? In those days zamindar* women are also showing their interest in this profession. It was a very short role. Labonno had to be given a perfect role; a role of a diseased son. They had to give only four or five shots. She did not even have to speak more. She had to meet with husband only once. Most of the scene would be with an old doctor. Bintu would also act before camera. She would be paid more than three hundred rupees for that short scene. Three hundred! Labonno could not speak for a long time but Vinoy and Labonno were staring at each other. She could pay all the dues which she took earlier for Bintu’s treatment, she could buy healthy food for him, new cloths she would give him also, she would open a bank account for her only son with twenty-five rupees. Labonno would buy new cloths for Vinoy to make him happy. At last, if Vinoy gave permission she would buy a new saree* for her. Although she knew, that Vinoy would buy a new saree for her. â€Å"You are joking. †- Labonno said. Animesh answered, â€Å"I am serious baudi if you agree I can manage. † Before leaving the house, he again requested Vinoy to think over it. Vinoy had to take concrete decision before ten’o clock in the morning; otherwise, Animesh would sign a contract with another person. He had already finished half of the movie and rest of it should be finished within forty-five days. He could not delay more. â€Å"Labonno had agreed. †-Vonoy brought the news in the early morning but he requested Animesh to change her name. â€Å"Is it your wish or her? If she becomes famous then you have to regret for it,†Animesh said with a smile. Malati had come to the studio at the middle of the day. She was above thirty. She worn a multi coloured saree, her lips were filled with pink colour, and tried to cover the black shed under the eyes with powder. â€Å"You are late Miss Mallik. I have signed the contract with the other person,† Animesh surprisingly said. Malati also shockingly shouted, â€Å"What! You said me to come before twelve. Please†¦look at your watch. † She showed her wristwatch to Animesh. â€Å"I have appointed a new person today in the morning, I was in a hurry. I have to start shooting from tomorrow morning. Apart from this, I think you are not perfect for this role of a mother Miss Mallik,† Animesh calmly clarifies the things. But Malati tempted and shouted, â€Å"A photographer became a director that is why he is not aware of acting talent. Do not forget your position. I have walked over such irresponsible director throughout my life. One swallow does not make a summer, mind it Animesh. † Malati left the studio and then it seemed that a village got relief from the storm. Vinoy once came to studio with wife and son to show them how things happen. All were very curious about it. There was only one day in between, no time for rehearsal. Bintu was a golden discovered, as the director needed a diseased boy. Fortunately, he got it in real. Next day Animesh brought his friend, friend’s wife and son by his own car. Suddenly the director came across with Malati Mallik at the doorsteps of the studio. Animesh asked her the reason behind her sudden appearance in the studio, in a calm voice. â€Å"I have come to meet your new star,† Malati jealously looked at Labonno and said. Malati left the place after taunting him. Labonno asked Animesh, â€Å"Who was this lady? Why was she staring at me like that? † â€Å"She is not an ordinary lady. She could take your position but I†¦ † rest of it he did not express. Animesh had explained everything to producer. If Labonno could play the role then the producer had to pay less money and apart from this it would also be beneficial for promo of the movie, after all a daughter-in-law from respectable family would act on screen with her own son. â€Å"Laxmi* has appeared in my studio. How sweet her face is! Take her to the refreshment room,†The producer Boikunthababu* warmly welcomed her. The shot was ready. A lowered middle class family with a diseased son, he diseased son was lying on the old and dirty bed on the floor. Irresponsible father was somewhere enjoying with his friends. The doctor would not start his treatment if he was not paid. Nobody would be there to call the doctor. The mother had to come to son and she had to go to the window to look for someone. She had only sect in her two wrists. There was necklace in son’s neck. He was crying that was why the mother gave him to wear. Would she remove that necklace from that sleepy sick son? Yes†¦ She had to. She stole golden necklace from sona came out from the home at stormy night to call the doctor. All these were the first day’s take. Aimesh made her understand repeatedly. But Labonno could not. Her face reflected wonder but the shot needed extreme sorrow. She was feeling shy as the other person present in the studio was staring at the new actress. At last, Animesh said with irritation, â€Å"Where is the time to be shy? Your son is suffering from disease. Go and sit beside him. † Repeatedly Animesh made her to understand but repeatedly she failed to do that. She could not perform the shot. A strange fear gripped her. She even could not look anybody, not even her diseased son. Animesh took her to the rest room and said, â€Å"You could not baudi. † Labonno lowered her face in repentance. Malati was sitting just beside the producer. She was laughing loudly to see the situation. The producer requested her to act that particular scene. She could not deny the producer’s request, however she demanded thousand rupees for that particular scene. She came back from the makeup room in ten minutes. She harshly asked Animesh, â€Å"Where is your boy Mr. Director? † There was no boy in the studio except Vinoy’s son. He agreed for benevolence. â€Å"Is this your boy? What can I expect from a clumsy director like you? How can I be his mother? I would not even touch that boy,† Miss Malati said in a high-pitched nasal voice. However, Malati acted that scene very well. Bintu started to cry but she managed it by giving him toys and paisa. Then she started to take care of that diseased boy. Her acting impressed everyone. She did better than Animesh’s direction. â€Å"Don’t mind Mr. Director, after all I am his present mother. I know better than you that how to take care of a son,†Malati said with a light smile. She beautifully acted that ‘necklace scene’: â€Å"How can I steal this from my own son? † Then she started sobering. Boikuntha also became compassioned to see this scene. That scene would be the best possible wealth of that movie. Everyone had accepted that. â€Å"Where is my check? ,† Malati spread her hands towards the producer. Animesh happily congratulated, â€Å"I am really satisfied with your acting Miss Malati. How could you act such scene so realistically? † â€Å"All this was because of jealousy Mr. Director. Hope you got to know that who is real mother and who is step,† She said looking at Labonno and left that place. Animesh wanted to leave them at their house but both Vinoy and Labonno disagreed by nodding their heads. Animesh inserted ten rupee note into Bintu’s pocket but Labonno did not take that and said his son, â€Å"Pronam* your uncle and return that note little sweet heart*. That is worthless for you. Uncle would give you chocolate later on. â€Å"I am sorry baudi. † â€Å"Why should you sorry Animesh? † Labonno calmly said and left that studio. That movie ran well for four weeks after the release. It meant Animesh was successful in his first attempt. Everyone had congratulated him but only Vinoy did not come. Animesh thought that they were bashful for th e last time that was why he came to friend’s house with two tickets. Health was degraded, clothes were more dirty and old, the room was emptier, and some of the furniture were missing in that room. However, Vinoy happily welcomed, â€Å"Welcome Mr. Director. I thought you have forgotten us. † I came to know you have earned fame in that movie a lot,† Labonno happily said. â€Å"How can you taste the sweetness of the sweet from other experience? Take your tickets, watch that, and say whatever you want to say. You can criticize also,† Giving the tickets Animesh said. Now his eyes on that naked diseased boy, he has become sicker. â€Å"He was not fully recovered baudi? Again any disease†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He could not finish his talk, somebody knocked at the door and a heavy voice was coming in. Vinoy looked at his wife and whispered, â€Å"Shit†¦! Shit†¦! † â€Å"Who†¦? † Animesh asked. Vinoy again whispered, â€Å"House owner, Govin da Pramanik. He has come for the rent. I do not have the money. This month I did not get the full salary. They have cut as I took some earlier. † Then he said to Labonno to said that he was not in the house. Labonno once looked at Animesh. Vinoy said, â€Å"Don’t be shy before him. He is my childhood friend. † â€Å"Why should he believe you? He has listened to your voice,† Labonno said calmly. Vinoy fully covered his body with a gown, laid on the bed, and said, â€Å"Say him that I am seriously ill. † Labonno went out to face that man. An old man entered into the house with Labonno. He would be more than fifty, healthy, and had gray hair. What happened to you, Vinoybabu? Fever†¦? † The old man asked. Labonno said, â€Å"No uncle†¦ He does not care normal disease. But he has vomited twenty five times from the last night. † Govinda babu stepped back and said in wonder, â€Å"Twenty-five times? What are you saying? † Animesh could reco gnize the effect and a kind of real reflection was floating over Labonno’s face for her husband’s ill situation. Govinda babu said in tense, â€Å"It is a very bad time. You have to take care of him properly bauma*. † â€Å"No relatives are here, crisis of money and above all this problem. He is the only person who earns in the family. I could not find any way that is why I called my uncle. Hope you have heard the name of doctor Madhu. Even he at first got nervous to see him. † Labonno expressed all these with a broken voice. She uncovered Vinoy’s face, called him, and gave the news of Govinda babu’s arrival. â€Å"No†¦No†¦bauma. Do not disturb him. Let him take rest. I thought I would say him about the fare as it is already second month. I should not say today. I sent Binod but he did not get Vinoy. † Govinda babu sadly said. Labonno replied that Vinoy himself would go to him and would pay his fare after his recovering. She also requested not to send Binod. He was schoolchild and he should not waste time. Labonno suddenly said Animesh, â€Å"You know Animesh, Binod is a very good boy. He is calm and quite. Moreover he is an honest boy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Animesh stammered, â€Å"Yeeessss†¦. That is right. † At the time pointing the finger at Animesh, Labonno said, â€Å"He is a great director, Animesh. Vinoy’s childhood friend. He has come to meet with Vinoy after getting the news of his serious illness. After sometimes Govinda babu got up and said, â€Å"I have to leave today but if you please say him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Definitely uncle, when he will be recovered, first of all I will send him to you. Please sit for a moment, let me bring a cup of tea for you,† Labonno said with a smile. But Govinda babu disagreed and left the house. Leaving the gown on the bed Vinoy got up and said Animesh that he was also a good director. Animesh was silent for a long time but now he made himself easy and said, â€Å"Yes, that is true but more credit goes to baudi. She does not need any director. Looking at Labonno he said, â€Å"You are in no portion less than Malati Mallik. Why did you scare that day? † â€Å"Malati also would have scared in my place Animesh. She could not maintain all the things as I maintained. She is the actress of reel life but I am the heroine of real life. † The natural tear came to witness the real situation of real heroine’s life. I do not know who was greater but I can say that for Malati it was a mere profession but to Labonno it was for survival. *** *Babu- A respectable person. *Gali- A narrow path. *Sona- A call from the mother to express affection. *Baudi- Sister-in-law. *Zamindar- Rich and royal. *Saree- A cloth worn by women in India. *Pronam- A sign to show the respect to the elders in Hinduism. *Bauma- A affectionate call for daughter-in-law. ——- By, Eeshan Ali How to cite Translation of Narendranath Mitra’s Short Story, Essay examples

Logistics and Coca Cola Company free essay sample

The cost of a company might low when the company is doing well in this two important department. Transportation is the way that a company use for the purpose to shift or carry their goods or product from a place to another place. Warehousing is a place for company to store their good and stuff. Besides, there will be inbound and outbound for the transportation and warehousing. For transportation, the inbound is meaning that the goods or partly goods are send to the company/ warehouse from other place. Inversely, the outbound is meaning that the goods are send to the retailer or the outlets from company. (Genco. com, 2014) For warehousing, the inbound and outbound is considering as a flow in and flow out of product in the warehouse. (Msdn. microsoft. com, 2014) (Msdn. microsoft. com, 2014) There are various type of transportation such as sea, air, rail, road and pipeline. There will be different cost for different type of transportation. Therefore, choosing a right transportation for deliver the company goods will lower the cost of the company and there will be opposite if the company choose the wrong transportation. For example, the company should concern on the speed by choose the air transportation when transport the fresh fruit because the other transportation might not be quick enough and may cause the fresh fruit turn into bad condition. The company should choose the transportation mode depends on the size and weight of the product, time consume, cost, value of product and distance. For instance, the company can decide to handle the logistic by itself of outsource the work to a freight forwarder/ 3rd party logistic. Moreover, there will be three type of warehousing setup. First, all the product will store or put in a place and only distributed to the outlet or client when they need which is called centralized. Second, some of the product might store in more than one warehouse which is called decentralized. Third, the company might choose to use 3rd part logistics warehousing rather than build and own a warehouse. Choosing the right warehousing setup will minimize the cost of a company. For example, an importer will choose the 3rd party logistic warehousing to store his product for temporary because its product will not store for a long period and the cost is depends on how long the company store its product in the 3rd party logistic warehousing. According to the article, the warehouse is playing a new role that no longer just for storage and it is involve in cost conscious and efficiency-driven environment. In short, the inbound of transportation and warehousing is the relationship between the raw material supplier and the manufacturer; the outbound of transportation and warehousing is the relationship between the manufacturer and the respective outlet/client. 2. 0 Literature reviews The successful management of a small logistics company In this paper, there is discuss a case about a small 3rd party logistics company in Hong Kong and the company is interesting in that it has been designated as the â€Å"king† of Hong Kong’s 3rd party logistics companies. Besides, the company has been successful in its overall business performance and it also satisfies its customers. This company’s strategic alliances with both clients and customers have helped to improve the utilization of its resources, such as warehouse space and transportation ? eets. Moreover, the company wants to become a full-pledged 3rd party logistic company and it also in the process of expanding its operations across greater China. The analysis of this case is focuses on the important success factors about the strategies and technologies that have allowed a small company started only in 1996 to become so successful in its operations. In short, a framework has been provided for the company to develop its logistics operations as a full-pledged 3rd party logistic company. (Gunasekaran and Ngai, 2003, pp. 825-842) Third-party logistics in Europe – five years later This journal is discuss the results of a survey between shippers in several European countries involved in outsourcing their transport, warehousing and other logistics activities. The survey is made by more than one reserchers which is the universities of Cranfield, Eindhoven, Linkoping and Rotterdam (Erasmus) and of ManDat GmbH. Besides, the survey is about the characteristics of logistics partnerships and the benefit for a shipper by using the 3rd party logistic company. There are two major observations found in the survey which is the scope and level of sophistication of the partnerships has increased over the last five years and the perception of outsourcing by shippers has not changed over the last five years. Success factors and cost management strategies for logistics outsourcing According to the journal, the logistics outsourcing has a significant effect on how manufacturing firms produce and deliver the products to their customers. In addition, many manufacturing firms do not own or manage the transportation and warehousing resources used for inbound and outbound shipments due to the reason that the company might need to invest a big amount of funds to own a warehouse and transportation. In short, a company can use the money for other purpose that is profit to the company rather than use the fund to own a warehousing and transportation and the company business might efficiency and reduce in cost by outsourced the warehousing and transportation to the 3rd party logistic company. (George and Mary, n. d, pp1-17) Transportation Reduce total purchase cost by 5% through inbound freight management This journal is discusses the strategies and opportunities of reducing to the total cost of purchase by 5% or more through managing inbound freight transportation. An overall of the transportation management strategic is use to identify how and why the concept is beneficial to the strategic purchasing activities of a firm. The journal had provide more on understanding the key transportation concepts such as weight makes for a better rate, consolidate providers, increase information equal to reduce cost and it also pinpointing specific opportunities to effectively on the purchasing inbound transportation services. In short, applying the inbound freight management is based on the company informational needs and the potential of traps. Cost Saving for Inbound Freight In the journal, there will be a number of issues that relate to determine whether the products should be ordered independently and ship as a single product order, or co-ordinated and shipped as a group or order from a single source. Besides, there is also some factors that might influences the company decisions such as the volume of demand, the distribution of demand across products, the weight of items and the attractiveness of the quantity discount offered. Other than that, the effect of the company decision in the aspect of logistic might influence the cost of the company such as the order interval, whether the product order should in group or separately and etc. (Russell and Cooper, 1992, pp. 20-43) The role of transportation in logistic chain In the journal, it is more discuss and focus on the transportation system and the inter relationship between the logistics and transportation. Transportation is playing an important role in the manipulation of logistic. Besides, the operation of transportation will determines the efficiency of moving products from a place to another place. The progress in technique and management principles will improves the moving load, delivery speed, services quality, operation costs, the usage of facilities and the energy saving. (Screenivas and Srinivas, n. d) Warehousing Centralization VS decentralization of warehousing In this paper, that is more on discuss about the perspective of a small and medium size enterprise when they are decide whether to choose the centralized or decentralized warehousing location for their aspect in logistic. A medium company in Danish which is Do-it-yourself (DIY) had been chosen for the purpose to investigate the issue. The company faces the challenge whether to apply centralization or decentralization warehousing structure in its company. Furthermore, a company must choose the warehousing structure based on the company needs and do some research whether the centralized or decentralized warehousing location is suit for the company and is that will improve the efficiency and reduce the cost of company. (Pedersen and Zachariassen et al. , 2012, pp. 352-369) The impact of routing and storage policies on warehouse efficiency The activity such as order and picking by which a number of goods are retrieved from a warehousing system to satisfy a number of customer orders and it is an essential link in the supply chain. Besides, it is the major cost component of warehousing. The major issue is to reduce the cost and increase the speed of the order picking activity at the same time. Moreover, there are few purposes of this paper. First, evaluating various routing heuristics and an optimal routine in a volume based. Second, comparing the performance of volume based storage with the random storage. Third, examining the impact of travel speed and picking rates on routing and storage policy performance. Furthermore, the experimental results show the solution gap between routing heuristics and optimal routing is highly dependent on the travel speed and picking rate, the storage policy, and the size of the pick list. In addition, volume based storage produced significant savings over random storage, but again these savings are dependent on the travel speed and picking rate. Recent Trends in Warehousing Development There are more discuss about the recent trend in warehousing development in this journal. The growth of technology is faster and it changing every year. An up-to-date company in warehousing might gain the competitive advantage in the market place by purchase the new and more feature machine for warehousing. Besides, those companies might not perform well in its business if it fail to realize the changes of the warehousing due to the reason that the company logistic might not efficiency and effect the overall business. RFID adoption and implementation in warehousing The journal is more discuss on the RFID adoption and implementation in warehousing. From the journal, we know that the warehousing industry is changing with the respect to RFID implementation. By adopt the RFID into the company logistic, it might improve the business process of the company and cost reduction. For those companies who concern on the return on investment (ROI) might refuse to adopt the RFID in the warehousing if the ROI is less than the expectation. The Columbia Pictures was owned by the Sony Pictures Entertainment in 1987. (Oracle. com, 2014) Other than that, Coca Cola is a well-known sponsorship in the sports and other events/competition such as the English Football League, NBA, FIFA World Cups, American Idol and etc. Coca Cola Company can increase it company goodwill and gain the awareness from public by sponsor on the famous event. (Oracle. com, 2014) Moreover, Coca Cola also involve itself in the corporation social responsibility (CSR) by donates money for charity. Besides, it also does well in environment friendly by using the trucks which is lower exhaust emissions. Coca Cola Company also involve itself to fight the aids by provide the job opportunities to the aids patient. (Investors and Company et al. , 2014) 4. 0 Description 4. 1 Description of the transportation Transportation is playing an important role in the International Trade. Choosing the right mode of transportation is important to ensure the company import and export operation is efficient and cost effective. Coca Cola Company transports its product by using various type of transportation mode such as sea, air, rail and road. According to the research, Coca Cola Company also hires more than one 3rd party logistic for the transportation aspect such as Oracle Transportation Management and ORTEC. (Oracle. com, 2014) (Ortec. com, 2014) Road: Road transport can be the most flexible option for the business. The road transport have extensive road network for company to deliver the product and the company also can scheduled the delivery day. Besides, the company also can choose the transport that suit to transport the product and it also can track the location of goods. In America, Coca Cola Company use the Interstate Highway System to transport product across the America by using the Coca Cola trucks and made deliveries to place everywhere. (Slideshare. net, 2014) According to the internet sources, Coca Cola transport most of their product on the road. Therefore, the company does its best to reduce the harmful to the environment. Coca Cola Company bought Biomethane-powered truck to move its product and each of the vehicle carbon footprints is less compare to the typical diesel truck. (Biomethane is the gas derived from waste found at landfill sites) (Coca-Cola GB, 2014) Besides, Coca Cola Company will use smaller vehicles to move the small loads such as use the Nissan Leaf 100% electric cars and low-emission Vauxhall Astra ecoFLEX cars. In Addition, the company also purchases those trucks with the specified EEV (enhanced environmentally-friendly vehicle) status which means the truck is lower exhaust emissions. Air Transportation is the fastest transportation to transport the product between two different countries and it also high in cost. Coca Cola Company also use Hartsfield Jackson International Airport to transport it’s good to another country. (Slideshare. net, 2014) Sea: Sea transportation can transport large quantities of product to another place or country compare to Air transportation. Besides, a company can ship large volume of product at one time at a low costs but it might take a long time than other transportation. Besides, the shipping containers can also be used for further transportation in the destination such as by road or rail transportation. The company should concern on the document when choosing the sea transportation such as bill of lading, letter of credit and etc. Coca Cola Company use the Deepwater Ports to ship cargo filled with the Coca Cola products to other countries. (Slideshare. net, 2014) Rail: Rail transport is may consider is a cost effective and efficient way to move the company goods from a place to another place. There will be benefit for those nations which have fast rail links such as the Europe, Japan and China. Rail transportation is environmentally friendly compare to the other transportation modes. Although the Coca Cola Company transport most of their product on the road but they also use the train to transport their product like the Coca Cola Company is working with Tesco on a dedicated rail-freight route. (Coca-Cola GB, 2014) 4. 2 Description of Warehousing Warehousing and storage is an act of storing and assorting the finished goods in order to create maximum time utility at minimum cost. There are various type of warehouse such as General, Specific, Bonded, Bulk storage and refrigerated warehouse. Besides, the location of warehouse can classified as centralized and decentralized warehouse. The Company also can choose to use the 3rd party logistics warehousing. Coca Cola Company is using the decentralized warehousing. Coca Cola Company had more than 120 warehouses in the world and it can serve the customer better positioning by reduce the time required to deliver the goods to the customer and this will increase the customer relationship. Besides, a decentralized warehouse can make decision and solve the problem faster because it no needs to wait the decision from top management. (Manda, 2014) Furthermore, firms will save on freight charges due to the reason of bulk handling. (Slideshare. net, 2014) Moreover, Coca Cola also use the 3rd party logistic warehousing for its products. The 3rd party Logistics Company is an independent business that specialized in provide a specific services to a larger client such as Honda, Coca Cola, Pepsi and etc. The 3rd party logistic is focus on the supply chain such as transportation and warehousing in order to improve the efficiency and to reduce the cost of the clients. According to the research, the Coca Cola Company is outsources a part of their supply chain of the warehousing and transportation of finished goods to the DB Schenker Logistics in Poland. (User, 2014) The purpose for Coca Cola Company is to reduce its cost such as lease a warehouse and pay employees. 4. 3 Description of Communication technology The communication technology aspect of logistic is the way or method that a company can know the location or shipping progress of their product. Besides, the company will reduce the cost when it had a good communication in the aspect of logistic. According to the article, the Coca Cola bottling Company had successful reduces the cost by 20% with the GPS- based fleet tracking and win the fleet management formula. By applying the GPS in the truck or fleet, the company can improve the driver safety and indirect increase the safety of the product to reach the destination. For example, the GPS will inform and alert the driver to lower the speed when the driver tries to speed up on the road. Besides, Coca Cola Company also had provided the tracking system (RFID) for consumers or client to track and know their shipments. (Coca-colastore. com, 2014) In other word, the tracking system also able for the Coca Cola Company to know the shipment process and location such as whether the product is reach to the warehouse or is it the product is on the way to the destination. For instance, Coca Cola company also using the Speedyred for customer able to track their orders or shipment through the internet. This website that provide by Speedyred is able to track most of the transportation mode such as Air shipment tracking, Sea shipment tracking and also Cargo tracking system. 5. 0 Logistic Challenge faced by Coca Cola Company A company success in its home country might not easy to success or fail in perform in other nations. There are many issue that will cause a company fail in perform in the other nations such as political risk , cultural and etc. Therefore, it will cause a company to face some challenge such as logistic challenge. For my recommendation, the company should not use the other company data for other purpose that might harm the other company benefit. Besides, the company should be ethic to operate its business. The bad impact of outsourcing the logistic to 3rd party logistic The purpose of a company to outsourcing the transportation and warehousing is to reduce the cost and increase the efficiency and it also will increase the job opportunity in the 3rd party logistics company due to the reason the work is outsourced to the 3rd party logistic company and they might need to increase the manpower. According to the article, the Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines Inc (CCBPI) had increased the use of third party logistic to operate it transportation and warehousing in Philippine. This should be good news for the Philippines resident due to the job opportunities has increased but those 3rd parties logistic company didn’t treat their worker well. Today more workers are employed through this 3rd party logistic company than the entire sales and delivery workforce employed directly by CCBPI but the specialized logistics companies they are just labor agencies and the actual operations are run by CCBPI. Meaning that the 3rd party logistic workers had no health insurance, no medical benefits, no overtime paid and etc. 150 workers which is work in Manila and operate by a 3rd party logistic faced with unpaid wages for 2 to 3 month. (Iuf. org, 2014) For my recommendation, the company should have a certain understand on the the 3rd party logistic company that it choose for outsourced in order to avoid the same incident happen again in the future. 6. 0 Recommendations The company should setting the labor standard in aspect of the transportation and warehousing in order to increase the efficiency of production. The company should provide training or seminar or workshop for those new workers to learn the process that how to operate some complex machine. Besides, the company should set some requirement for hiring workers such as the education level and experiences. For instance, the company also can implement the gain sharing programs in logistic by reward the warehouse and transportation employees for good performance by pay them short-term bonus. This action will motivate the employees to work hard for the company. For example, a country which is short-term orientation and the country worker might easy to motivate because they are more prefer immediate gratification and this will let the company get immediate result by pay the immediate bonus to the workers. (Inboundlogistics. com, 2014) Moreover, the company should choose the right 3rd party logistic for outsource because choosing the wrong 3rd party logistic will cause the company increase in cost and also might harm to the company name. For example, the 3rd parties logistic involve in the transaction of drug by put the drug in the Coca Cola company product. 7. 0 Personal reflection By doing this assignment, I had a clearly and deeply knowing about the inbound and outbound of transportation and warehousing. Besides, I also gain the knowledge about the Coca Cola Company especially of their logistic. Furthermore, I realized that the company cost might decrease by perform well in the transportation and warehousing and concurrently increase the company profit. In Addition, i also learnt that how to choose a right transportation mode for transport purpose and the type of warehouse for company products. Other than that, I also gain the knowledge about the benefit to outsource the works to 3rd party logistics. Conclusion In conclusion, Logistic system has a more important position in the society activities and the transportation and warehousing is playing an important role in the logistic system. Without the linking of transportation and warehousing, a powerful logistic strategy cannot bring its capacity into full play. (Anonymous, 2014) A company without well develop in transportation systems will lead cause a company increase in cost and loss in profit due to the reason that around 1/3 to 2/3 of the expenses of company logistics cost are spent on transportation. A good transportation system will provide a better logistics efficiency, reduce operation cost and promote the services quality for a company. Other than reduce in cost of a company, a well handled transport system will satisfy the customers demand by send the goods to the right place at the right time and it also will improve the relationship between the company and the customers. Besides, the warehousing also represents a critical link in the transportation supply chain. The inventory in the warehouse must sufficient because it might break the relationship between the company and customers due to the reason that the customers demand cannot be satisfy. Furthermore, the warehouse must build at the right location in order to reduce the time and space distance between the supplier and customers because it will increase the cost of transport if the warehouse is far to the outlet or end user. The warehouse also playing an important role in maintains the steady sources of supplies.

The Prussian Baron Von Steuben, Being A Newcomer To The Essays

The Prussian Baron von Steuben, being a newcomer to the Revolutionary cause in America, was in a position to see many of the deficiencies in military discipline and their causes. The reasons for his unique insight may have been due to the fact that he was distanced from the revolutionary ideals in America, and as a result, was able to better observe and understand them; and ultimately use them to shape his new and successful form of discipline in the Continental Army. Most of the commanders of the Continental Army, from the commander in chief to the lower officers had subscribed to the traditional European method that relied on fear to achieve discipline. This method of fear was probably not essential, and had little if any effect in the early days of the war because the soldiers were mostly fighting for their own ideologies. To the soldiers, the commanders were of little importance. The soldiers were going to fight their own fight, and leave the battle when they felt it necessary. The soldier saw himself as a volunteer, a citizen fighting in a group of citizens, and as a result did not respond well to the traditional forms of discipline. The soldier knew it wasn't necessary for him to serve, and he knew that he would not be looked down upon for not serving or leaving the army by his fellow revolutionaries. He had the freedom to chose how he wished to serve the revolution, and military service was not an obligation. One aspect of the traditional European system that Baron von Steuben felt needed change was the relationship between the officers and the soldiers. Officers in the Continental Army felt it was necessary to distance themselves from the common soldiers, as an officer had an obligation as a gentleman as well. This division was along social lines, and by separation, the officers felt the common soldiers would show even greater respect. Royster describes this accurately by saying that the officers tried "to make themselves haughty objects of the soldiers' awe." (215) Steuben did several things to put the officers and the soldiers on common ground. First, sergeants were no longer to do the training and drilling of soldiers. Officers were encouraged to train, drill, and march with their soldiers. They were also encouraged to eat with the common soldiers as well, whenever possible. The officers needed to show love of the soldiers to earn their respect, and in doing this the officers needed to set themselves as an example to the soldiers by overachieving, rather than distancing themselves and underachieving in the eyes of the soldier. Before Steuben arrived, the forms of drills, training, and discipline in the Continental Army were mainly achieved at the discretion of each particular officer. There was no set standard for drills and training, and each battalion, company, and regiment had different methods. Baron von Steuben set a standard that became universal in the army and all soldiers and officers were to follow it. Through constant repetition of these rather simplified drills and training methods, coupled with the newly evident compassion and caring being shown by the officers, soldiers soon began to show a level of pride and professionalism in doing their duties in the Continental Army. Steuben catered to the needs and ideologies of the men in the Continental Army. He knew that soldiers who felt that military service was not a necessity, would often question authority. When given an order many soldiers would ask 'Why?' This was what Steuben realized and built his form of discipline around. If a soldier asked why, and there was a good reason for it, then the soldier would ultimately obey the order. This is why the uniformity and simplicity of Steuben?s system was so successful in the Continental Army. Steuben's method of discipline and training was so successful for one main reason, it was catered to the soldier and not to the officer. It had the ultimate result of making the soldier feel like a soldier and not like a volunteer. It established a sense of pride in the soldiers and in the job they did. By the later years of the war, native courage, virtue, and liberty were not enough to encourage soldiers. Steuben method created a professionalism in the Continental Army which, along with the ideologies of the men, was enough to keep the moral of the soldier high despite the many hardships of winter camps like Valley Forge and Morristown.

Critique on Constraint-Based Approaches for Balancing Bike-Sharing Systems The WritePass Journal

Critique on Constraint-Based Approaches for Balancing Bike-Sharing Systems Summary: Critique on Constraint-Based Approaches for Balancing Bike-Sharing Systems ). Moreover, the article does not clearly illustrate its results and does not offer a thorough and simple explanation of what the authors have found and what their findings mean. Thus, it may be difficult for the reader to comprehend the authors’ findings and what benefit the article has given to readers related to the topic in question. Accordingly, there are various other approaches that the authors could have used in order to enhance the level of comprehension of the article and increase its usefulness for ordinary readers. The first alternative suggested approach for the authors of this article was to adopt a qualitative methodology consisting of interviews with the customers of the bike-sharing systems and gain in-depth knowledge of the prevailing problem and suggested solutions. However, there may be some limitations to using this methodology which include confirming the validity of the results and analyzing or measuring data. The quantitative approach allows the authors to appropriately measure and analyze data and confirm that the results obtained are authentic and valid. Using qualitative data may mean that the results obtained may contain elements of interviewer or respondent bias (Flick, 2009). Another alternative approach that the authors could have used consists of conducting a thorough literature review on the topic which could have helped increase reader understanding and retain reader attention. However, the main problem involved in adopting this approach lies in the fact that this topic may not have an expanse of literature available for analysis and it may have been difficult for the authors to gather this level of information. The authors could have still enhanced understanding of this study by including more previous literature or including related topics to the analysis (Daymon Holloway, 2010).The authors could have also opted to simplify the quantitative analysis and use simple statistical measurements in order to enhance reader understanding and comprehension. Methods such as regression, descriptive statistics, and other statistical measures could have been used instead of complicated heuristics calculations. This would have enabled readers to understand the fi ndings in a better manner and improve comprehension (Liamputtong Ezzy, 2006). However, the article was well-written and thoroughly explained which enhanced reader attention and enabled comprehension. Moreover, the calculations enhanced validity and authenticity of the results and enabled the appropriate calculation of the information needed. The methodology of the paper could have been simplified and the structure could have been improved with further sub-headings and a broader literature review (Denzin Lincoln, 2011). Thus, while the article had certain shortcomings it also had quite a few strengths in the sense of the level of expression, the level of understanding, and the quantitative analysis conducted. However, the authors of the study can improve the clarity and comprehension of the study by incorporating the recommendations mentioned and the authors should also expand upon the section on further research and include further ideas for future research. Suggestions for Further Work: The authors of this study can further conduct research upon other methods of transport or can replicate this study by implementing a qualitative methodology in the future. The authors can also conduct research on other new business activities and possibly choose topics which cater to a vaster market rather than only catering to a niche business activity. References Liamputtong, P., Ezzy, D. (2006).Qualitative research methods. New York: Oxford University Press. Daymon, C., Holloway, I. (2010).Qualitative research methods in public relations and marketing communications. Routledge. Denzin, N. K., Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2011).The SAGE handbook of qualitative research. Sage. Miller, T., Mauthner, M., Birch, M., Jessop, J. (Eds.). (2012).Ethics in qualitative research. Sage. Flick, U. (2009).An introduction to qualitative research. Sage. Alston, M., Bowles, W. (2012).Research for social workers: An introduction to methods. Allen Unwin. Delamont, S., Atkinson, P. (Eds.). (2010).SAGE Qualitative Research Methods. SAGE Publications Limited. Method of Gathering Data: The literature gathered for this critique was gathered from journals, books, and online sources. Particular keywords were used in order to find relevant sources for this critique and emphasis was given upon finding sources regarding qualitative and quantitative analysis. The literature used for this critique was thoroughly read, examined, and relevant points were extracted in order to form an analysis for the article in question.

Critically discuss the arguments for and against the current wave of Essay

Critically discuss the arguments for and against the current wave of globalisation - Essay Example In most cases, governments and institutions have had to take protectionists policies to shield their industries and fragile economies in worse situations. Benefits of trade: In the previous waves of globalization, the developing and emerging countries had little power, compared to the western rich countries in Europe and America. At a period marked by imperialism and diverse differences between countries and regions, trade existed but with tighter restrictions. The modern globalization is marked by increased liberalization in trade with more reduced trade barriers that enhance trade across national boundaries (FAO, n.d.). As a result, the more flexibility in trade allowed people and countries to acquire and consume goods and services at a cheaper price. Countries could now enhance their exportation and/or importation to reap the benefit of the trade. For quite a long period, the manufacturing industries in the western nations had flourished before, but the trade liberalization lifted majority of the manufacturing production in the current emerging countries and others in developing world. The presence of adequate aid from institutions (such as IMF and World Bank) in handling the global economic governance facilitates capital flow into diverse markets, and contains political and economic tensions that occur during the periods of transformation in the current wave of globalization (Globesec, 2012). Most of the countries have made efforts to specialize in activities they do best, increasing production of their goods or services, and selling them in the global market to multiple buyers. Most regions and countries, especially in the developing world have gone ahead to lower the non tariffs barriers ( legal prohibitions, import quotas, and export restraints ) and import tariffs to promote free trade, capital markets, and investments (The World Bank Group, 2004). China can be well identified for its increased production

What makes a place a home Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What makes a place a home - Essay Example A house is simple a dwelling place but a home is said to be a livable place where families and friends can enjoy the company of each other, sharing intrinsic and intangible values such as peace, happiness and especially, love. Looking further into the contradictions, this paper will discuss in detail how the aforementioned characteristics turn a house into a home. A house simply caters to one’s physical needs. Since shelter is one of man’s basic needs, a dwelling place then becomes necessary but having a place to stay does not always mean a person has a home. A house is devoid of values such as peace. For instance, one has a sanctuary to call but it is only a place to cover him from the heat of the sun, the pouring of the rain or the cold winter nights. The place may give him the needed protection from the weather but it may not give him peace of mind because of other dangers such as robbers, murderers and other criminal acts. Therefore, the man may always be in fear. O n the other hand, a place is called a home when it provides a peaceful and comfortable habitation. A home give the dweller peace of mind because it does not only provide shelter through the changing seasons but also give an emotional and psychological assurance that the person will be far from any danger. In addition, this can also be extended to the condition of the dwellers themselves. For instance, in a house, the people living in it may always be fighting even over trivial matters. Therefore, the place only serves as a place for the family to find shelter. Nevertheless, a home will not only do that but will also give a welcoming atmosphere to all the people living in it. This becomes true when the people there are at peace with each other, making each other feel comfortable in order for them to make others stay and not want to move away. Secondly, a home is a dwelling place filled with happiness. There are so many things that bring people happiness such as food, valuables and a good company. A house filled with such things make up a home. One cannot say an abode is a home when it merely serves to provide shelter, being lacking in other important things. A place where there is no available food brings bad experiences such as pictures of a hunger so that one would not dare go to when he is in need of food. Lack of food is one of the reasons of many fights among family members. A mother trying to earn money to buy food for her two children can easily get mad at her husband who is wasting all his money on alcohol and drugs and does not even try to find a job. In such case, there is no peace and therefore, there will be no happiness. A place where entertainment and other valuable materials are not available as well cannot be fully called a home because material possessions bring happiness to people especially in these modern times. In relation to the discussion on peace, happiness will also be absent when peace is deprived in the house. In other words, when one is at peace with himself and his dwelling place, his residence can be called a home. Moreover, when he is at peace with the other people in the house, happiness is shared among them and therefore the place is called a home. Lastly, a lodging is called a home when there is love. Peace and happiness may be experienced by a lone dweller but love is only experienced between two or more people. From such definition, it could be said that a house cannot be fully called a home when there is no love that is shared in it. Therefore, a person who lives alone in a beautiful and comfortable house where all his needs are provided for does not live in a home but a house. The loneliness felt in such a place explains why one person would not want to abide in the residence forever. Some

The Obama Administrations approach to the Democratic Revolution in Research Paper

The Obama Administrations approach to the Democratic Revolution in Egypt - Research Paper Example Albeit most historical literatures are inclined to cut the genocide and bondage that is attributed to the European series of invasion that comprises the North American continent, hardly any have any delusions regarding the real motives of Rome, Great Britain, Spain and other nations regal escapades. Correspondingly, when prospective learners of history study about the assignment that the US government has undertaken to proliferate democracy at the tail-end of the 21st century, they will likewise realize its real motivations way better than the thinkers and political analysts who oftentimes being seen on television nowadays. Not so long ago, a chaotic military and political demonstration took place in Egypt that desires the downfall of Mubarak from power. â€Å"Security forces and military police, swinging batons, firing birdshot and driving armoured personnel carriers, stormed the square late Sunday afternoon, chasing out protesters and burning tents.† (Fleishman & Hassan, â€Å"Frustrated Egyptians Come Out in Force†). The latest democratic revolution in Egypt delivers numerous visions into the margin between the United States governments apparent and genuine dedications to democracy in the continental regions of North Africa and in the Western Asia. â€Å"An alternative interpretation of Washington’s response to the Egyptian revolution, however, suggests that US officials have no desire to see democracy establish itself in the North Africa or West Asia, their public pronouncements---repeated endlessly by the major news media---notwithstanding.† (Napoletano, â€Å"The Egyp tian Revolution and Democracy†). Concurring to the most accurate versions of the media, the Obama Administrations interest for the democratic revolution was strengthened by its craving for stability and constancy in these regions. Particularly, some United States officials, concurring to this outlining of the revolutionary end, desired to

Causes And Effects Of Strokes Biology Essay

Causes And Effects Of Strokes Biology Essay Stroke is defined as A neurological deficit of cerebrovascular cause that persists beyond 24 hours or is interrupted by death within 24 hours. WHO (1970) A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain. This can be due to ischemia caused by thrombosis or embolism or due to a hemorrhage. As a result, the affected area of the brain is unable to function, leading to inability to move one or more limbs on one side of the body, inability to understand or formulate speech or inability to see one side of the visual field (Donnan GA, Fisher M. May 2008). PREVALANCE AND INCIDENCE: Stroke could soon be the most common cause of death worldwide (Murray CJ, Lopez AD 1997). Stroke is currently the second leading cause of death in the Western world, ranking after heart disease and before cancer (Donnan GA, Fisher M, May 2008)and it causes 10% of deaths worldwide (World Health Organization. 2004) . It has been noted that stroke incidence may vary considerably from country to country. The prevalence of stroke in India was estimated as 203 per 100,000 populations above 20 years, amounting to a total of about 1 million cases. Stroke represented 1.2% of total deaths in India (PK Sethi Neurosciences Today 2002). SEX DIFFERENCES: Men are 1.25 times more likely to suffer strokes than women(PK Sethi Neurosciences Today 2002), yet 60% of deaths from stroke occur in women (Villarosa, Linda, Ed.1993). CLASSIFICATION: Strokes can be classified into two major categories: ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemia is due to interruption of the blood supply, while hemorrhage is due to rupture of a blood vessel or an abnormal vascular structure. 80% of strokes are due to ischemia; the remainders are due to hemorrhage (Donnan GA, Fisher M. May 2008). ISCHEMIC STROKE: In an ischemic stroke, blood supply to a part of the brain is decreased, leading to dysfunction of the brain tissue in that area. The four reasons responsible for ischemic stroke are thrombosis, embolism (Donnan GA, Fisher M. May 2008), systemic hypoperfusion (Shuaib A, Hachinski VC .September 1991) and venous thrombosis (Stam J. 2005). HAEMORRAGIC STROKE: Intracranial hemorrhage is the accumulation of blood anywhere within the skull vault. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is bleeding directly into the brain tissue, forming a gradually enlarging haematoma. RISK FACTORS: High blood pressure, High blood cholesterol levels, Diabetes, Cigarette smoking (Hankey GJ. August 1999), Heavy alcohol consumption (Reynolds K, Lewis B, Nolen JD, et al .2003) , drug use, (Sloan MA, 1991), lack of physical activity, obesity, unhealthy diet (American Heart Association.2007) and Atrial fibrillation. CAUSES: When the flow of blood in an artery supplying the brain is interrupted for more than a few seconds, brain cells can die, causing permanent damage. An interruption can be caused by either blood clots or bleeding in the brain. Most strokes are due to blood clots that blocks the blood flow to brain. Bleeding into the brain occurs if a blood vessel ruptures or if there is a significant injury (Ay H; Furie KL. 2005). BLOOD CLOTS: A common cause of stroke is atherosclerosis. Fatty deposits and blood platelets collect on the walls of the arteries, forming plaques. Over time, the plaques slowly begin to block the flow of blood. The plaque itself may block the artery enough to cause a stroke (Ay H; Furie KL. 2005). The plaque causes the blood to flow abnormally, which leads to a blood clot. A clot can stay at the site of narrowing and prevent blood flow to all of the smaller arteries it supplies. In other cases, the clot can travel and wedge into a smaller vessel (Ay H; Furie KL. 2005). Strokes caused by embolism are most commonly caused by heart disorders. An embolism may originate in a major blood vessel as it branches off the heart. A clot can also form elsewhere in the body for any number of reasons, and then travel to the brain, causing a stroke (Ay H; Furie KL. 2005). Arrhythmias of the heart, such as atrial fibrillation, can be associated with this type of stroke and may contribute to clot formation. Other causes of embolic stroke include endocarditis, or use of a mechanical heart valve. A clot can form on the artificial valve, break off, and travel to the brain (Ay H; Furie KL. 2005). BLEEDING IN THE BRAIN: A second major cause of stroke is bleeding in the brain. This can occur when small blood vessels in the brain become weak and burst. Some people have defects in the blood vessels of the brain that make this more likely. The flow of blood after the blood vessel ruptures damages brain cells (Ay H; Furie KL. 2005). PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: ISCHAEMIC: Ischemic stroke occurs due to a loss of blood supply to part of the brain, initiating the ischemic cascade. Brain tissue ceases to function if deprived of oxygen for more than 60 to 90 seconds and after a few hours will suffer irreversible injury possibly leading to death of the tissue. Atherosclerosis may disrupt the blood supply by narrowing the lumen of blood vessels leading to a reduction of blood flow, by causing the formation of blood clots within the vessel (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.1999). Embolic infarction occurs when emboli formed elsewhere in the circulatory system, typically in the heart as a consequence of atrial fibrillation, or in the carotid arteries. These break off, enter the cerebral circulation, then lodge in and occlude brain blood vessels (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.1999). HAEMORRAGIC: Hemorrhagic strokes results in tissue injurys by causing compression of tissues from an expanding hematomas. This can distort and injure the tissues. In addition, the pressure may lead to a loss of blood supply to affected tissue with resulting infarction, and the blood released by brain hemorrhage appears to have direct toxic effects on brain tissue and vasculature (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.1999). SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: A stroke symptom typically starts suddenly, over seconds to minutes, and in most cases dont progress further. The symptoms depend on the area of the brain affected. The more extensive the area of brain affected, more the functions that are likely to be lost (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.1999). A sudden development of one or more of the following indicates a stroke: Paresis or paralysis of any part of the body, Numbness, tingling, or decreased sensation, Changed or diminished vision, Language difficulties, including slurred speech, inability to speak, inability to understand speech, difficulty in reading or writing, Swallowing difficulties or drooling, Loss of memory, Vertigo, Loss of balance or coordination, Personality changes, Mood/emotion changes, Drowsiness, lethargy, or loss of consciousness, Uncontrollable eye movements or eyelid drooping. SUB TYPES: If the area of the brain affected contains one of the three prominent Central nervous system pathways-the spinothalamic tract, corticospinal tract, and dorsal column, symptoms may include hemiplegia and muscle weakness of the face, numbness, reduction in sensory or vibratory sensation. In most cases, the symptoms affect only one side of the body. The defect in the brain is usually on the opposite side of the body depending on which part of the brain is affected. In addition to the above CNS pathways, the brainstem also consists of the 12 cranial nerves. Hence a stroke affecting the brain stem can produce symptoms relating to deficits in the cranial nerves. The symptoms are altered smell, taste, hearing, or vision, drooping of eyelid and weakness of ocular muscles, decreased reflexes like gag, swallow and pupil reactivity to light, decreased sensation and muscle weakness of the face, balance problems and nystagmus,altered breathing and heart rate,weakness in sternocleidomastoid muscle with inability to turn head to one side,weakness in tongue. If the cerebral cortex is involved, the CNS pathways can again be affected, but also can produce the symptoms like aphasia, apraxia, visual field defect, memory deficits, hemineglect, disorganized thinking, confusion, hypersexual gestures ,anosognosia (Bamford JM 2000). When the cerebellum is involved, the patient may have the symptoms like Trouble walking, altered movement, coordination, Vertigo and disequilibrium (Bamford JM 2000). ASSOCIATED SYMPTOMS: Loss of consciousness, headache, and vomiting usually occurs more often in hemorrhagic stroke than in thrombosis because of the increased intracranial pressure from the leaking blood compressing on the brain. DIAGNOSIS: The techniques which were used to diagnose the stroke are neurological examination, CT scans or MRI scans, Doppler ultrasound, and arteriography. The diagnosis of stroke itself is clinical, with assistance from the imaging techniques. Imaging techniques also assist in determining the subtypes and cause of stroke. There is yet no commonly used blood test for the stroke diagnosis itself, though blood tests may be of help in finding out the likely cause of stroke (Hill M 2005). PREVENTION: Screening for high blood pressure at least every two years, regular cholesterol check up, treat high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol and heart disease, follow a low-fat diet, quit smoking, exercise regularly, lose weight if you are over weight, avoid excessive alcohol use (Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ et al. 2006). TREATMENT: Treatment of ischemic stroke: Pharmacologic thrombolysis with the drug tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), Mechanical thrombectomy and anticoagulants. Treatment of hemorrhagic stroke: Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage require neurosurgical evaluation to detect and treat the cause of the bleeding, although many may not need surgery. Patients are monitored and their blood pressure, blood sugar, and oxygenation are kept at optimum levels. PHYSIOTHERAPY TREATMENT: The rehabilitation techniques commonly used were Roods Sensorimotor Approach, Knotts and Voss Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation, Brunnstroms Movement Therapy, Bobaths Neuro Developmental Therapy, Motor Relearning Programme, Bimanual Rapid Alternating Movement, Motor Imagery Therapy, Robot Assisted Movement Therapy, Functional Electrical Stimulation, Bilateral Isokinetic Training, Cyclic Electrical Neuromuscular Stimulation, Biofeedback etc. PROGNOSIS: The results of stroke vary widely depending on size and location of the lesion (Stanford Hospital Clinics.2005). Dysfunctions correspond to areas in the brain that have been damaged. Disability affects 75% of stroke survivors enough to decrease their employability (Coffey C. Edward.2000). Stroke can affect patients physically, mentally, emotionally, or a combination of the three. 30 to 50% of stroke survivors suffer post stroke depression, which is characterized by lethargy, irritability, sleep disturbances, lowered self esteem, and withdrawal. Depression can reduce motivation and worsen outcome (Senelick Richard C.1994).

George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 :: Free Essays on 1984

As Winston Smith entered his apartment building, he passed a familiar poster. "It was one of those pictures which are so contrived that the eyes follow you about when you move. BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, the caption beneath it ran." Then Winston opened the door to his flat to be greeted by a voice on his "telescreen" - a device he could dim, but never shut off completely. Telescreens broadcasted government propaganda and served as the eyes and ears of the Thought Police, who scrutinized everyone for any possible deviation from acceptable thought or action. In the flat was a tiny alcove just out of sight from the telescreen's vision. Winston sat down to write in his diary, an act that was not officially illegal "but if detected it was reasonably certain that it would be punished by death . . . " While he sat writing, a recent memory stirred in his mind; the "Two Minutes Hate," a government-sponsored work break in which every worker at the Ministry of Truth was required to participate, had consisted that day of an interlude when everyone raged and screamed as the telescreen alternately flashed images of enemy Eurasian soldiers and Goldstein, an abhorred traitor. That morning, Winston had noticed a "bold-looking girl of about twenty-six" who worked in the Fiction Department. This particular girl - wearing the bright scarlet sash of the official anti-sex league - gave him "the impression of being more dangerous than most," and Winston had that unnerving feeling that she was watching him. A few days later, Winston walked through the working-class "prole" neighborhood to the antique shop where he had bought his diary. Though class barriers stood tensely in place throughout Oceania, Mr. Charrington, the shop owner, welcomed him and invited him upstairs to see other items. There wasn't much there, but Winston liked the old-fashioned room; it didn't even have a telescreen. When Winston again slipped out onto the street, he passed the dark-haired girl from the Fiction Department. Now he was sure she was an informant. Back at work, as Winston walked toward the lavatory, the girl reappeared in the hall. Then, just a few feet in front of him, she stumbled and fell. When he offered his hand to help her up, she slipped him a scrap of paper. Shaken, Winston decided to open the paper later at the cubicle where he rewrote old newspaper articles, deleting any reference to persons who had deviated from orthodoxy.

Romanticism Resource Page

After reviewing the Romanticism resource page, list three characteristics of Romanticism. Also, identify three authors of the Romantic period. Using the Transcendentalism resource page, list three characteristics of Transcendentalism. How did Transcendentalists feel about nature? What did Transcendentalists feel about the inherent nature of human beings (were humans inherently good or evil)? Transcendentalists believe that individuals â€Å"transcend† by learning from and living in harmony with nature.Thoreau put this philosophy into practice by living alone in a cabin he built himself at Walden Pond for two years (1845 -1847). Thoreau's experiences during this period provided him with the material for his masterwork Walden (1854). The quote below is from Walden. Describe two specific things Thoreau learned about life by translating the lines below in your own words: â€Å"I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, an d see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived†¦.I wanted to live deeply and suck out all the marrow of life. † (Walden) Which two great passive resistance leaders were influenced by the premise of Transcendentalism through the works of Thoreau and Emerson? Click on the following link to read Edgar Allan Poe's â€Å"Annabel Lee† Annabel Lee by Edgar Allan Poe After reviewing the Romanticism resource page and the poem, identify two characteristics of Romanticism found in this poem. Identify specific examples (lines) in the poem that represent each of the characteristics you have chosen.After identifying the lines, explain (in your own words) how the lines represent the characteristics of Romanticism. For example: line 3 â€Å"my love was a love† is an example of idealism because†¦ Using the links below, find one quote from Emerson and one from Thoreau that best exemplifies your definition of Tr anscendentalism. Be sure to include your explanation of why each of these quotes relates to your perception of Transcendentalism†¦

Effect of Advertisement on Sales

MKT 321: MARKETING RESEARCH METHODS JAN – APRIL 2013 CAT 1 Using the knowledge and skills acquired in this course (Research methods) explain how would improve the performance of your Research and Development Department in a firm (15 marks) A research and development (R&D) department in a firm is responsible for innovations in design, products, and style. This department is responsible for creating innovative new products to keep companies a step ahead of the competition. Many companies also rely on the R&D department to improve existing consumer products, and to explore new ways of producing them.Companies thrive and succeed by creating innovative products, as well as by increasing company profit and utilizing cost-efficient methods. A research and development department is primarily responsible for ensuring that these goals are met. This is an especially important function in the fields of manufacturing and pharmaceuticals, but can be applied to virtually any industry. Often, research and development works closely with the marketing department. Marketing studies consumer trends by surveying and researching consumer demands, purchasing methods, product sales, and the existence and development of technology across the relevant market.The marketing department gathers all the data, and makes this information available to the R&D department, which will take action in response to the findings and proceed to keep the company on top of current market needs. Consumer demands often change very quickly, and the research and development department must be alert and adapt to these market fluctuations accordingly. I would invest a substantial amount of money to research and development so that it can continually modify and update the firm’s products to preserve a brand's position within the market.This is because even if our product would be leading in the market, however much it is a key product, usually will not remain in the number one market position forev er without some type of improvement and advancement. Research and development department software The progress of innovation research and product development requires a good balance between the team and management involved in R;D projects. VIP Task Manager provides this balance and allows to manage R;D projects and activities effectively.The software helps to carry information on the latest developments and coordinate the resource assignment to new promising projects in efficient and timely way. VIP Task Manager can be used as R;D project management software for organizing the workflow of the department. The software gives the following options Quality is a major issue and R;D department is deeply involved in ensuring quality of new products and attaining the required levels of regulatory requirements. In cooperation with the quality assurance department, R;D department develops a quality plan for new products.When a company sells a product on the marketplace, it should keep regulat ory compliance with legal requirements. By using Centriqs, the R;D managers can organize the workflow for researches and development of new products. In Centriqs, there can be used task templates for researches of typical products as well as for a new product specification development. The software allows to add new workflow with specific task statuses. By introducing Centriqs shareware into the workflow, the R;D department can effective cooperate with QA department through sharing tasks and projects aimed to development of quality plans for new products.The R;D managers can use the Files view to upload regulatory documents to the database and attach documents to required tasks shared between engineers, technicians and scientists. | | Research and development department goals/tasks The main goal of the R;D department is to provide the organization with pro-active leadership in the industry and strong competitive advantages through implementation of new technologies and solutions aim ed to improve current product range and develop new products.The R;D department closely works with the quality assurance department in order to create a new solution for enhancing the sustainability and the quality of products. The tasks of R;D department could be split into two main groups: research and development. The groups are closely linked with each other, however they have some peculiarities. The research activities allow the organization to find more effective ways to produce a product. The development activities are focused on how to implement these ways into manufacturing of the current or a new product.Research and development department in company structure Research and development are often very expensive and it takes much time to get positive results from them. However most businesses invest a lot of money in research and development and build R;D departments. The organizations which have R;D departments in their structure, gain big advantages, because: 1. Products ar e commercialized faster 2. Products reach global markets 3. Contribution to customer confidence 4. Effective exploitation of technologies 5.They gain advantages over rivalsThe research and development department will enable a more progressive and faster transfer of innovations into product development and exploitation. | CAT 2 As a manager you have noted that the sales for a certain product have dropped despite having increased the level of advertising. Explain in details how you would undertake a market research to know whether advertising affects sales (20 marks) a. Background information. The background serves to put research objectives into context, and it will help me to understand why I will pursue the objectives of knowing why advertising affect sales.I would detail what i see as being the main events that have caused or contributed to the advertising effect on sales. Such a background gives a framework for the researcher to investigate other potential events, contributory fa ctors or causes. b. Objectives. The first part of this section would detail which marketing decisions are to be completed once the research has been undertaken. This requires decision-makers to explain what they see as the focus of the decision they plan to make. They then go on to explain what gaps(s) they see in their knowledge. Those gaps create the focus to planned esearch activities and set the research objectives. The formulation of the marketing objectives can encompass two areas: organizational objectives and personal objectives of the decision-maker. For the researcher this may not be explicit or obvious to discern. It may take time working with a decision-maker or a particular organization to see the potential conflicts in organizational and personal objectives. This ‘first-step’ brief offers the opportunity for the researcher to draw out and develop a much clearer vision of marketing and research objectives.Drawing out and developing decisionmakers’ pe rspective of objectives, helps the process of developing a common understanding of what the decision-maker is trying to achieve. c. Target to research. Any market research project will measure, understand or observe a target group of individuals. These may be distinct groups of consumers, channel members such as retailers or competitors, or company employees. In this section, details of the characteristics of the target group(s) can help in much research design decisions.These cover areas of identification, gaining access to conduct research, understanding which techniques are appropriate to measure or understand these individuals, and the best environment or context in which to conduct the research. d. Who is to use the findings? This section would outline brief details of the decision-maker who will use the research findings. For example, certain decision makers may be entrepreneurial and introspective, looking for short-term tactical advantages. Managers with a background and tra ining in statistics may expect results to be analyzed and presented in a particular manner to have any credibility.Other managers may not have such training or may even be distrustful of statistical analysis and seek a more qualitative interpretation. These 19 issues have an impact upon the nature and extent of analysis conducted upon the data collected and the style and format in which research findings will be presented. e. Constraints. The main limitation to marketing researchers carrying out what they may perceive as being the correct way to research a problem is the time and money that the marketer can afford. With knowledge of time and cost constraints, the researcher can develop a research design to suit these eeds. The researcher may also demonstrate other courses of action that could demand greater amount of money or time, but could have clear benefits that the marketer may be unaware of. Other constraints, such as those imposed by the client firm’s personnel, organi zational structure and culture, or decision making styles, should be identified to determine the scope of the research project. Yet constraints should not be allowed to diminish the value of the research to the decision-maker or to compromise the integrity of the research process.In instances where the resources are too limited to allow a project of sufficient quality, the firm should be advised not to undertake formal marketing research. f. Administrative considerations. These would lay out the administrative details in completing the research project. Examples could be the expected delivery of interim reports, contacts in the organization that may be able to help supply further information, or reference to sources of materials and individuals that are needed to complete the research successfully.